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Editing: fw.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#
# Copyright (C) 2010-2016 Red Hat, Inc.
#
# Authors:
# Thomas Woerner <twoerner@redhat.com>
#
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
#

__all__ = [ "Firewall" ]

import os
import sys
import copy
import time
import traceback
from typing import Dict, List
from firewall import config
from firewall import functions
from firewall.core import ipXtables
from firewall.core import ebtables
from firewall.core import nftables
from firewall.core import ipset
from firewall.core import modules
from firewall.core.fw_icmptype import FirewallIcmpType
from firewall.core.fw_service import FirewallService
from firewall.core.fw_zone import FirewallZone
from firewall.core.fw_direct import FirewallDirect
from firewall.core.fw_config import FirewallConfig
from firewall.core.fw_policies import FirewallPolicies
from firewall.core.fw_ipset import FirewallIPSet
from firewall.core.fw_transaction import FirewallTransaction
from firewall.core.fw_helper import FirewallHelper
from firewall.core.fw_policy import FirewallPolicy
from firewall.core.fw_nm import nm_get_bus_name, nm_get_interfaces_in_zone
from firewall.core.logger import log
from firewall.core.io.io_object import IO_Object
from firewall.core.io.firewalld_conf import firewalld_conf
from firewall.core.io.direct import Direct
from firewall.core.io.service import service_reader
from firewall.core.io.icmptype import icmptype_reader
from firewall.core.io.zone import zone_reader, Zone
from firewall.core.io.ipset import ipset_reader
from firewall.core.ipset import IPSET_TYPES
from firewall.core.io.helper import helper_reader
from firewall.core.io.policy import policy_reader
from firewall.core.io.functions import check_on_disk_config
from firewall.core.rich import Rich_Rule
from firewall import errors
from firewall.errors import FirewallError

############################################################################
#
# class Firewall
#
############################################################################

class Firewall(object):
    def __init__(self, offline=False):
        self._firewalld_conf = firewalld_conf(config.FIREWALLD_CONF)
        self._offline = offline

if not offline:
            self.ip4tables_backend = ipXtables.ip4tables(self)
            self.ip6tables_backend = ipXtables.ip6tables(self)
            self.ebtables_backend = ebtables.ebtables()
            self.ipset_backend = ipset.ipset()
            self.nftables_backend = nftables.nftables(self)
            self.modules_backend = modules.modules()

self.icmptype = FirewallIcmpType(self)
        self.service = FirewallService(self)
        self.zone = FirewallZone(self)
        self.direct = FirewallDirect(self)
        self.config = FirewallConfig(self)
        self.policies = FirewallPolicies()
        self.ipset = FirewallIPSet(self)
        self.helper = FirewallHelper(self)
        self.policy = FirewallPolicy(self)

self.__init_vars()

def __repr__(self):
        return '%s(%r, %r, %r, %r, %r, %r, %r, %r, %r, %r, %r, %r, %r, %r)' % \
            (self.__class__, self.ip4tables_enabled, self.ip6tables_enabled,
             self.ebtables_enabled, self._state, self._panic,
             self._default_zone, self._module_refcount, self._marks,
             self.cleanup_on_exit, self.cleanup_modules_on_exit,
             self._ipv6_rpfilter, self.ipset_enabled,
             self._individual_calls, self._log_denied)

def __init_vars(self):
        self._state = "INIT"
        self._panic = False
        self._default_zone = config.FALLBACK_ZONE
        self._default_zone_interfaces = []
        self._nm_assigned_interfaces = []
        self._module_refcount = { }
        self._marks = [ ]
        # fallback settings will be overloaded by firewalld.conf
        self.cleanup_on_exit = config.FALLBACK_CLEANUP_ON_EXIT
        self.cleanup_modules_on_exit = config.FALLBACK_CLEANUP_MODULES_ON_EXIT
        self._ipv6_rpfilter = config.FALLBACK_IPV6_RPFILTER
        self._individual_calls = config.FALLBACK_INDIVIDUAL_CALLS
        self._log_denied = config.FALLBACK_LOG_DENIED
        self._firewall_backend = config.FALLBACK_FIREWALL_BACKEND
        self._flush_all_on_reload = config.FALLBACK_FLUSH_ALL_ON_RELOAD
        self._rfc3964_ipv4 = config.FALLBACK_RFC3964_IPV4
        self._allow_zone_drifting = config.FALLBACK_ALLOW_ZONE_DRIFTING
        self._nftables_table_owner = config.FALLBACK_NFTABLES_TABLE_OWNER

if self._offline:
            self.ip4tables_enabled = False
            self.ip6tables_enabled = False
            self.ebtables_enabled = False
            self.ipset_enabled = False
            self.ipset_supported_types = IPSET_TYPES
            self.nftables_enabled = False
        else:
            self.ip4tables_enabled = True
            self.ipv4_supported_icmp_types = [ ]
            self.ip6tables_enabled = True
            self.ipv6_supported_icmp_types = [ ]
            self.ebtables_enabled = True
            self.ipset_enabled = True
            self.ipset_supported_types = IPSET_TYPES
            self.nftables_enabled = True

def get_all_io_objects_dict(self):
        """
        Returns a dict of dicts of all runtime config objects.
        """
        conf_dict = {}
        conf_dict["ipsets"] = {_ipset: self.ipset.get_ipset(_ipset) for _ipset in self.ipset.get_ipsets()}
        conf_dict["helpers"] = {helper: self.helper.get_helper(helper) for helper in self.helper.get_helpers()}
        conf_dict["icmptypes"] = {icmptype: self.icmptype.get_icmptype(icmptype) for icmptype in self.icmptype.get_icmptypes()}
        conf_dict["services"] = {service: self.service.get_service(service) for service in self.service.get_services()}
        conf_dict["zones"] = {zone: self.zone.get_zone(zone) for zone in self.zone.get_zones()}
        conf_dict["policies"] = {policy: self.policy.get_policy(policy) for policy in self.policy.get_policies_not_derived_from_zone()}

conf_dict["conf"] = {}
        conf_dict["conf"]["FirewallBackend"] = self._firewalld_conf.get("FirewallBackend")

# The runtime might not actually support all the defined icmptypes.
        # This is the case if ipv6 (ip6tables) is disabled. Unfortunately users
        # disable IPv6 and also expect the IPv6 stuff to be silently ignored.
        # This is problematic for defaults that include IPv6 stuff, e.g. policy
        # 'allow-host-ipv6'. Use this to make a better decision about errors vs
        # warnings.
        #
        conf_dict["runtime"] = {}
        conf_dict["runtime"]["icmptypes_unsupported"] = {}
        for icmptype in (set(self.config.get_icmptypes()).difference(
                         set(self.icmptype.get_icmptypes()))):
            conf_dict["runtime"]["icmptypes_unsupported"][icmptype] = self.config.get_icmptype(icmptype)
        # Some icmptypes support multiple families. Add those that are missing
        # support for a subset of families.
        for icmptype in (set(self.config.get_icmptypes()).intersection(
                         set(self.icmptype.get_icmptypes()))):
            if icmptype not in self.ipv4_supported_icmp_types or \
               icmptype not in self.ipv6_supported_icmp_types:
                conf_dict["runtime"]["icmptypes_unsupported"][icmptype] = copy.copy(self.config.get_icmptype(icmptype))
                conf_dict["runtime"]["icmptypes_unsupported"][icmptype].destination = []
                if icmptype not in self.ipv4_supported_icmp_types:
                    conf_dict["runtime"]["icmptypes_unsupported"][icmptype].destination.append("ipv4")
                if icmptype not in self.ipv6_supported_icmp_types:
                    conf_dict["runtime"]["icmptypes_unsupported"][icmptype].destination.append("ipv6")

return conf_dict

def full_check_config(self, extra_io_objects: Dict[str, List[IO_Object]] = {}):
        all_io_objects = self.get_all_io_objects_dict()
        # mix in the extra objects
        for type_key in extra_io_objects:
            for obj in extra_io_objects[type_key]:
                all_io_objects[type_key][obj.name] = obj

# we need to check in a well defined order because some io_objects will
        # cross-check others
        order = ["ipsets", "helpers", "icmptypes", "services", "zones", "policies"]
        for io_obj_type in order:
            io_objs = all_io_objects[io_obj_type]
            for (name, io_obj) in io_objs.items():
                io_obj.check_config_dict(io_obj.export_config_dict(), all_io_objects)

def _start_check_tables(self):
        # check if iptables, ip6tables and ebtables are usable, else disable
        if self.ip4tables_enabled and \
           "filter" not in self.ip4tables_backend.get_available_tables():
            log.info1("iptables is not usable.")
            self.ip4tables_enabled = False

if self.ip6tables_enabled and \
           "filter" not in self.ip6tables_backend.get_available_tables():
            log.info1("ip6tables is not usable.")
            self.ip6tables_enabled = False

if self.ebtables_enabled and \
           "filter" not in self.ebtables_backend.get_available_tables():
            log.info1("ebtables is not usable.")
            self.ebtables_enabled = False

# is there at least support for ipv4 or ipv6
        if not self.ip4tables_enabled and not self.ip6tables_enabled \
           and not self.nftables_enabled:
            raise FirewallError(errors.UNKNOWN_ERROR, "No IPv4 and IPv6 firewall.")

def _start_probe_backends(self):
        try:
            self.ipset_backend.set_list()
        except ValueError:
            if self.nftables_enabled:
                log.info1("ipset not usable, disabling ipset usage in firewall. Other set backends (nftables) remain usable.")
            else:
                log.warning("ipset not usable, disabling ipset usage in firewall.")
                self.ipset_supported_types = [ ]
            # ipset is not usable
            self.ipset_enabled = False
        else:
            # ipset is usable, get all supported types
            self.ipset_supported_types = self.ipset_backend.set_supported_types()

self.ip4tables_backend.fill_exists()
        if not self.ip4tables_backend.restore_command_exists:
            if self.ip4tables_backend.command_exists:
                log.warning("iptables-restore is missing, using "
                            "individual calls for IPv4 firewall.")
            else:
                if self.nftables_enabled:
                    log.info1("iptables-restore and iptables are missing, "
                              "IPv4 direct rules won't be usable.")
                else:
                    log.warning("iptables-restore and iptables are missing, "
                                "disabling IPv4 firewall.")
                self.ip4tables_enabled = False
        if self.nftables_enabled:
            self.ipv4_supported_icmp_types = self.nftables_backend.supported_icmp_types("ipv4")
        else:
            if self.ip4tables_enabled:
                self.ipv4_supported_icmp_types = self.ip4tables_backend.supported_icmp_types()
            else:
                self.ipv4_supported_icmp_types = [ ]
        self.ip6tables_backend.fill_exists()
        if not self.ip6tables_backend.restore_command_exists:
            if self.ip6tables_backend.command_exists:
                log.warning("ip6tables-restore is missing, using "
                            "individual calls for IPv6 firewall.")
            else:
                if self.nftables_enabled:
                    log.info1("ip6tables-restore and ip6tables are missing, "
                              "IPv6 direct rules won't be usable.")
                else:
                    log.warning("ip6tables-restore and ip6tables are missing, "
                                "disabling IPv6 firewall.")
                self.ip6tables_enabled = False
        if self.nftables_enabled:
            self.ipv6_supported_icmp_types = self.nftables_backend.supported_icmp_types("ipv6")
        else:
            if self.ip6tables_enabled:
                self.ipv6_supported_icmp_types = self.ip6tables_backend.supported_icmp_types()
            else:
                self.ipv6_supported_icmp_types = [ ]
        self.ebtables_backend.fill_exists()
        if not self.ebtables_backend.restore_command_exists:
            if self.ebtables_backend.command_exists:
                log.warning("ebtables-restore is missing, using "
                            "individual calls for bridge firewall.")
            else:
                if self.nftables_enabled:
                    log.info1("ebtables-restore and ebtables are missing, "
                              "eb direct rules won't be usable.")
                else:
                    log.warning("ebtables-restore and ebtables are missing, "
                                "disabling bridge firewall.")
                self.ebtables_enabled = False

if self.ebtables_enabled and not self._individual_calls and \
           not self.ebtables_backend.restore_noflush_option:
            log.debug1("ebtables-restore is not supporting the --noflush "
                       "option, will therefore not be used")

self.nftables_backend.probe_support()

if (
            self._nftables_table_owner
            and not self.nftables_backend.supports_table_owner
        ):
            log.info1(
                "Configuration has NftablesTableOwner=True, but it's "
                "not supported by nftables. Table ownership will be disabled."
            )

def _start_load_firewalld_conf(self):
        # load firewalld config
        log.debug1("Loading firewalld config file '%s'", config.FIREWALLD_CONF)
        try:
            self._firewalld_conf.read()
        except Exception as msg:
            log.warning(msg)
            log.warning("Using fallback firewalld configuration settings.")
        else:
            if self._firewalld_conf.get("DefaultZone"):
                self._default_zone = self._firewalld_conf.get("DefaultZone")

if self._firewalld_conf.get("CleanupOnExit"):
                value = self._firewalld_conf.get("CleanupOnExit")
                if value is not None and value.lower() in [ "no", "false" ]:
                    self.cleanup_on_exit = False
                log.debug1("CleanupOnExit is set to '%s'",
                           self.cleanup_on_exit)

if self._firewalld_conf.get("CleanupModulesOnExit"):
                value = self._firewalld_conf.get("CleanupModulesOnExit")
                if value is not None and value.lower() in [ "yes", "true" ]:
                    self.cleanup_modules_on_exit = True
                log.debug1("CleanupModulesOnExit is set to '%s'",
                           self.cleanup_modules_on_exit)

if self._firewalld_conf.get("Lockdown"):
                value = self._firewalld_conf.get("Lockdown")
                if value is not None and value.lower() in [ "yes", "true" ]:
                    log.debug1("Lockdown is enabled")
                    try:
                        self.policies.enable_lockdown()
                    except FirewallError:
                        # already enabled, this is probably reload
                        pass

if self._firewalld_conf.get("IPv6_rpfilter"):
                value = self._firewalld_conf.get("IPv6_rpfilter")
                if value is not None:
                    if value.lower() in ["no", "false"]:
                        self._ipv6_rpfilter = "no"
                    elif value.lower() in ["yes", "true", "strict"]:
                        self._ipv6_rpfilter = "strict"
                    elif value.lower() in ["loose"]:
                        self._ipv6_rpfilter = "loose"
                    elif value.lower() in ["loose-forward"]:
                        self._ipv6_rpfilter = "loose-forward"
                    elif value.lower() in ["strict-forward"]:
                        self._ipv6_rpfilter = "strict-forward"
                log.debug1(f"IPv6_rpfilter is set to '{self._ipv6_rpfilter}'")

if self._firewalld_conf.get("IndividualCalls"):
                value = self._firewalld_conf.get("IndividualCalls")
                if value is not None and value.lower() in [ "yes", "true" ]:
                    log.debug1("IndividualCalls is enabled")
                    self._individual_calls = True

if self._firewalld_conf.get("LogDenied"):
                value = self._firewalld_conf.get("LogDenied")
                if value is None or value.lower() == "no":
                    self._log_denied = "off"
                else:
                    self._log_denied = value.lower()
                    log.debug1("LogDenied is set to '%s'", self._log_denied)

if self._firewalld_conf.get("FirewallBackend"):
                self._firewall_backend = self._firewalld_conf.get("FirewallBackend")
                log.debug1("FirewallBackend is set to '%s'",
                           self._firewall_backend)

if self._firewalld_conf.get("FlushAllOnReload"):
                value = self._firewalld_conf.get("FlushAllOnReload")
                if value.lower() in [ "no", "false" ]:
                    self._flush_all_on_reload = False
                else:
                    self._flush_all_on_reload = True
                log.debug1("FlushAllOnReload is set to '%s'",
                           self._flush_all_on_reload)

if self._firewalld_conf.get("RFC3964_IPv4"):
                value = self._firewalld_conf.get("RFC3964_IPv4")
                if value.lower() in [ "no", "false" ]:
                    self._rfc3964_ipv4 = False
                else:
                    self._rfc3964_ipv4 = True
                log.debug1("RFC3964_IPv4 is set to '%s'",
                           self._rfc3964_ipv4)

if self._firewalld_conf.get("NftablesTableOwner"):
                value = self._firewalld_conf.get("NftablesTableOwner")
                if value.lower() in ["no", "false"]:
                    self._nftables_table_owner = False
                else:
                    self._nftables_table_owner = True
                log.debug1(
                    "NftablesTableOwner is set to '%s'", self._nftables_table_owner
                )

self.config.set_firewalld_conf(copy.deepcopy(self._firewalld_conf))

def _start_load_lockdown_whitelist(self):
        # load lockdown whitelist
        log.debug1("Loading lockdown whitelist")
        try:
            self.policies.lockdown_whitelist.read()
        except Exception as msg:
            if self.policies.query_lockdown():
                log.error("Failed to load lockdown whitelist '%s': %s",
                          self.policies.lockdown_whitelist.filename, msg)
            else:
                log.debug1("Failed to load lockdown whitelist '%s': %s",
                           self.policies.lockdown_whitelist.filename, msg)

# copy policies to config interface
        self.config.set_policies(copy.deepcopy(self.policies))

def _start_load_stock_config(self):
        self._loader_ipsets(config.FIREWALLD_IPSETS)
        self._loader_icmptypes(config.FIREWALLD_ICMPTYPES)
        self._loader_helpers(config.FIREWALLD_HELPERS)
        self._loader_services(config.FIREWALLD_SERVICES)
        self._loader_zones(config.FIREWALLD_ZONES)
        self._loader_policies(config.FIREWALLD_POLICIES)

def _start_load_user_config(self):
        self._loader_ipsets(config.ETC_FIREWALLD_IPSETS)
        self._loader_icmptypes(config.ETC_FIREWALLD_ICMPTYPES)
        self._loader_helpers(config.ETC_FIREWALLD_HELPERS)
        self._loader_services(config.ETC_FIREWALLD_SERVICES)
        self._loader_zones(config.ETC_FIREWALLD_ZONES)
        self._loader_policies(config.ETC_FIREWALLD_POLICIES)

def _start_copy_config_to_runtime(self):
        for _ipset in self.config.get_ipsets():
            self.ipset.add_ipset(
                    copy.deepcopy(self.config.get_ipset(_ipset)))
        for icmptype in self.config.get_icmptypes():
            self.icmptype.add_icmptype(
                    copy.deepcopy(self.config.get_icmptype(icmptype)))
        for helper in self.config.get_helpers():
            self.helper.add_helper(
                    copy.deepcopy(self.config.get_helper(helper)))
        for service in self.config.get_services():
            self.service.add_service(
                    copy.deepcopy(self.config.get_service(service)))
        for policy in self.config.get_policy_objects():
            self.policy.add_policy(
                    copy.deepcopy(self.config.get_policy_object(policy)))

self.direct.set_permanent_config(
                copy.deepcopy(self.config.get_direct()))

# copy combined permanent zones to runtime
        # zones with a '/' in the name will be combined into one runtime zone
        combined_zones = {}
        for zone in self.config.get_zones():
            z_obj = self.config.get_zone(zone)
            if '/' not in z_obj.name:
                self.zone.add_zone(
                        copy.deepcopy(self.config.get_zone(zone)))
                continue

combined_name = os.path.basename(z_obj.path)
            if combined_name not in combined_zones:
                combined_zone = Zone()
                combined_zone.name = combined_name
                combined_zone.check_name(combined_zone.name)
                combined_zone.path = z_obj.path
                combined_zone.default = False
                combined_zone.forward = False # see note in zone_reader()

combined_zones[combined_name] = combined_zone

log.debug1("Combining zone '%s' using '%s%s%s'",
                       combined_name, z_obj.path, os.sep, z_obj.filename)
            combined_zones[combined_name].combine(z_obj)

for zone in combined_zones:
            self.zone.add_zone(combined_zones[zone])

def _start_load_direct_rules(self):
        # load direct rules
        obj = Direct(config.FIREWALLD_DIRECT)
        if os.path.exists(config.FIREWALLD_DIRECT):
            log.debug1("Loading direct rules file '%s'" % \
                       config.FIREWALLD_DIRECT)
            try:
                obj.read()
            except Exception as msg:
                log.error("Failed to load direct rules file '%s': %s",
                          config.FIREWALLD_DIRECT, msg)
        self.config.set_direct(obj)

def _start_apply_objects(self, reload=False, complete_reload=False):
        transaction = FirewallTransaction(self)

if not reload:
            self.flush(use_transaction=transaction)

# If modules need to be unloaded in complete reload or if there are
        # ipsets to get applied, limit the transaction to flush.
        #
        # Future optimization for the ipset case in reload: The transaction
        # only needs to be split here if there are conflicting ipset types in
        # exsting ipsets and the configuration in firewalld.
        if (reload and complete_reload) or \
           (self.ipset.backends() and self.ipset.has_ipsets()):
            transaction.execute(True)
            transaction.clear()

# complete reload: unload modules also
        if reload and complete_reload:
            log.debug1("Unloading firewall modules")
            self.modules_backend.unload_firewall_modules()

self.apply_default_tables(use_transaction=transaction)
        transaction.execute(True)
        transaction.clear()

# apply settings for loaded ipsets while reloading here
        if (self.ipset.backends()) and self.ipset.has_ipsets():
            log.debug1("Applying ipsets")
            self.ipset.apply_ipsets()

log.debug1("Applying default rule set")
        self.apply_default_rules(use_transaction=transaction)

log.debug1("Applying used zones")
        self.zone.apply_zones(use_transaction=transaction)

self.zone.change_default_zone(None, self._default_zone,
                                      use_transaction=transaction)

log.debug1("Applying used policies")
        self.policy.apply_policies(use_transaction=transaction)

transaction.execute(True)
        transaction.clear()

def _start_apply_direct_rules(self):
        transaction = FirewallTransaction(self)

# apply direct chains, rules and passthrough rules
        if self.direct.has_configuration():
            log.debug1("Applying direct chains rules and passthrough rules")
            self.direct.apply_direct(transaction)

# since direct rules are easy to make syntax errors lets highlight
            # the cause if the transaction fails.
            try:
                transaction.execute(True)
                transaction.clear()
            except FirewallError as e:
                raise FirewallError(e.code, "Direct: %s" % (e.msg if e.msg else ""))
            except Exception:
                raise

transaction.execute(True)
        transaction.clear()

def _start_check(self):
        # check minimum required zones
        for z in [ "block", "drop", "trusted" ]:
            if z not in self.zone.get_zones():
                raise FirewallError(errors.INVALID_ZONE, "Zone '{}' is not available.".format(z))

# check if default_zone is a valid zone
        if self._default_zone not in self.zone.get_zones():
            if "public" in self.zone.get_zones():
                zone = "public"
            elif "external" in self.zone.get_zones():
                zone = "external"
            else:
                zone = "block" # block is a base zone, therefore it has to exist

log.error("Default zone '%s' is not valid. Using '%s'.",
                      self._default_zone, zone)
            self._default_zone = zone
        else:
            log.debug1("Using default zone '%s'", self._default_zone)

if not self._offline:
            self.full_check_config()
            self._start_check_tables()

# check our desired backend is actually available
            if self._firewall_backend == "iptables":
                backend_to_check = "ip4tables" # ip6tables is always optional
            else:
                backend_to_check = self._firewall_backend
            if not self.is_backend_enabled(backend_to_check):
                raise FirewallError(errors.UNKNOWN_ERROR,
                        "Firewall backend '{}' is not available.".format(
                            self._firewall_backend))

def _start(self, reload=False, complete_reload=False):
        self._start_load_firewalld_conf()
        self._start_load_lockdown_whitelist()

self._select_firewall_backend(self._firewall_backend)

if not self._offline:
            self._start_probe_backends()

self._start_load_stock_config()
        self._start_load_user_config()
        self._start_load_direct_rules()
        self._start_copy_config_to_runtime()

self._start_check()

if self._offline:
            return

if log.getDebugLogLevel() > 0:
            # get time before flushing and applying
            tm1 = time.time()

self._start_apply_objects(reload=reload, complete_reload=complete_reload)
        self._start_apply_direct_rules()

if log.getDebugLogLevel() > 1:
            # get time after flushing and applying
            tm2 = time.time()
            log.debug2("Flushing and applying took %f seconds" % (tm2 - tm1))

def _start_failsafe(self, reload=False, complete_reload=False):
        """
        This is basically _start() with at least the following differences:
            - built-in defaults for firewalld.conf
            - no lockdown list
            - no user config (/etc/firewalld)
            - no direct rules
        """
        self.cleanup()
        self._firewalld_conf.set_defaults()
        self.config.set_firewalld_conf(copy.deepcopy(self._firewalld_conf))

self._select_firewall_backend(self._firewall_backend)

if not self._offline:
            self._start_probe_backends()

self._start_load_stock_config()
        self._start_copy_config_to_runtime()
        self._start_check()

if self._offline:
            return

self._start_apply_objects(reload=reload, complete_reload=complete_reload)

def start(self):
        try:
            self._start()
        except Exception as original_ex:
            log.error("Failed to load user configuration. Falling back to "
                      "full stock configuration.")
            try:
                self._start_failsafe()
                self._state = "FAILED"
                self.set_policy("ACCEPT")
            except Exception as new_ex:
                log.error(original_ex)
                log.exception()
                log.error(new_ex)
                log.error("Failed to load full stock configuration. This likely "
                          "indicates a system level issue, e.g. the firewall "
                          "backend (nftables, iptables) is broken. "
                          "All hope is lost. Exiting.")
                try:
                    self.flush()
                except Exception:
                    pass
                sys.exit(errors.UNKNOWN_ERROR)
            # propagate the original exception that caused us to enter failed
            # state.
            raise original_ex
        else:
            self._state = "RUNNING"
            self.set_policy("ACCEPT")

def _loader_config_file_generator(self, path):
        if not os.path.isdir(path):
            return

for filename in sorted(os.listdir(path)):
            if not filename.endswith(".xml"):
                continue
            yield filename

def _loader_services(self, path):
        for filename in self._loader_config_file_generator(path):
            log.debug1("Loading service file '%s%s%s'", path, os.sep, filename)

obj = service_reader(filename, path)
            if obj.name in self.config.get_services():
                orig_obj = self.config.get_service(obj.name)
                log.debug1("Overrides '%s%s%s'",
                           orig_obj.path, os.sep, orig_obj.filename)
            elif obj.path.startswith(config.ETC_FIREWALLD):
                obj.default = True

self.config.add_service(obj)

def _loader_ipsets(self, path):
        for filename in self._loader_config_file_generator(path):
            log.debug1("Loading ipset file '%s%s%s'", path, os.sep, filename)

obj = ipset_reader(filename, path)
            if obj.name in self.config.get_ipsets():
                orig_obj = self.config.get_ipset(obj.name)
                log.debug1("Overrides '%s%s%s'",
                           orig_obj.path, os.sep, orig_obj.filename)
            elif obj.path.startswith(config.ETC_FIREWALLD):
                obj.default = True

self.config.add_ipset(obj)

def _loader_helpers(self, path):
        for filename in self._loader_config_file_generator(path):
            log.debug1("Loading helper file '%s%s%s'", path, os.sep, filename)

obj = helper_reader(filename, path)
            if obj.name in self.config.get_helpers():
                orig_obj = self.config.get_helper(obj.name)
                log.debug1("Overrides '%s%s%s'",
                           orig_obj.path, os.sep, orig_obj.filename)
            elif obj.path.startswith(config.ETC_FIREWALLD):
                obj.default = True

self.config.add_helper(obj)

def _loader_policies(self, path):
        for filename in self._loader_config_file_generator(path):
            log.debug1("Loading policy file '%s%s%s'", path, os.sep, filename)

obj = policy_reader(filename, path)
            if obj.name in self.config.get_policy_objects():
                orig_obj = self.config.get_policy_object(obj.name)
                log.debug1("Overrides '%s%s%s'",
                           orig_obj.path, os.sep, orig_obj.filename)
            elif obj.path.startswith(config.ETC_FIREWALLD):
                obj.default = True

self.config.add_policy_object(obj)

def _loader_icmptypes(self, path):
        for filename in self._loader_config_file_generator(path):
            log.debug1("Loading icmptype file '%s%s%s'", path, os.sep, filename)

obj = icmptype_reader(filename, path)
            if obj.name in self.config.get_icmptypes():
                orig_obj = self.config.get_icmptype(obj.name)
                log.debug1("Overrides '%s%s%s'",
                           orig_obj.path, os.sep, orig_obj.filename)
            elif obj.path.startswith(config.ETC_FIREWALLD):
                obj.default = True

self.config.add_icmptype(obj)

def _loader_zones(self, path, combine=False):
        if not os.path.isdir(path):
            return

for filename in sorted(os.listdir(path)):
            if not filename.endswith(".xml"):
                if path.startswith(config.ETC_FIREWALLD) and \
                        os.path.isdir("%s/%s" % (path, filename)):
                    # Combined zones are added to permanent config
                    # individually. They're coalesced into one object when
                    # added to the runtime
                    self._loader_zones("%s/%s" % (path, filename), combine=True)
                continue

name = "%s/%s" % (path, filename)
            log.debug1("Loading zone file '%s'", name)

obj = zone_reader(filename, path, no_check_name=combine)
            if combine:
                # Change name for permanent configuration
                obj.name = "%s/%s" % (
                    os.path.basename(path),
                    os.path.basename(filename)[0:-4])
                obj.check_name(obj.name)

if obj.name in self.config.get_zones():
                orig_obj = self.config.get_zone(obj.name)
                log.debug1("Overrides '%s%s%s'",
                           orig_obj.path, os.sep, orig_obj.filename)
            elif obj.path.startswith(config.ETC_FIREWALLD):
                obj.default = True

self.config.add_zone(obj)

def cleanup(self):
        self.icmptype.cleanup()
        self.service.cleanup()
        self.zone.cleanup()
        self.ipset.cleanup()
        self.helper.cleanup()
        self.config.cleanup()
        self.direct.cleanup()
        self.policies.cleanup()
        self.policy.cleanup()
        self._firewalld_conf.cleanup()
        self.__init_vars()

def stop(self):
        if not self._offline:
            if self.cleanup_on_exit:
                self.flush()
                self.ipset.flush()
                self.set_policy("ACCEPT")

if self.cleanup_modules_on_exit:
                log.debug1('Unloading firewall kernel modules')
                self.modules_backend.unload_firewall_modules()

self.cleanup()

# handle modules

def handle_modules(self, _modules, enable):
        num_failed = 0
        error_msgs = ""
        for i,module in enumerate(_modules):
            if enable:
                (status, msg) = self.modules_backend.load_module(module)
            else:
                if self._module_refcount[module] > 1:
                    status = 0 # module referenced more then one, do not unload
                else:
                    (status, msg) = self.modules_backend.unload_module(module)
            if status != 0:
                num_failed += 1
                error_msgs += msg
                continue

if enable:
                self._module_refcount.setdefault(module, 0)
                self._module_refcount[module] += 1
            else:
                if module in self._module_refcount:
                    self._module_refcount[module] -= 1
                    if self._module_refcount[module] == 0:
                        del self._module_refcount[module]
        return (num_failed, error_msgs)

def _select_firewall_backend(self, backend):
        if backend != "nftables":
            self.nftables_enabled = False
        # even if using nftables, the other backends are enabled for use with
        # the direct interface. nftables is used for the firewalld primitives.

def get_backend_by_name(self, name):
        for backend in self.all_backends():
            if backend.name == name:
                return backend
        raise FirewallError(errors.UNKNOWN_ERROR,
                            "'%s' backend does not exist" % name)

def get_backend_by_ipv(self, ipv):
        if self.nftables_enabled:
            return self.nftables_backend
        if ipv == "ipv4" and self.ip4tables_enabled:
            return self.ip4tables_backend
        elif ipv == "ipv6" and self.ip6tables_enabled:
            return self.ip6tables_backend
        elif ipv == "eb" and self.ebtables_enabled:
            return self.ebtables_backend
        raise FirewallError(errors.INVALID_IPV,
                            "'%s' is not a valid backend or is unavailable" % ipv)

def get_direct_backend_by_ipv(self, ipv):
        if ipv == "ipv4" and self.ip4tables_enabled:
            return self.ip4tables_backend
        elif ipv == "ipv6" and self.ip6tables_enabled:
            return self.ip6tables_backend
        elif ipv == "eb" and self.ebtables_enabled:
            return self.ebtables_backend
        raise FirewallError(errors.INVALID_IPV,
                            "'%s' is not a valid backend or is unavailable" % ipv)

def is_backend_enabled(self, name):
        if name == "ip4tables":
            return self.ip4tables_enabled
        elif name == "ip6tables":
            return self.ip6tables_enabled
        elif name == "ebtables":
            return self.ebtables_enabled
        elif name == "nftables":
            return self.nftables_enabled
        return False

def is_ipv_enabled(self, ipv):
        if self.nftables_enabled:
            return True
        if ipv == "ipv4":
            return self.ip4tables_enabled
        elif ipv == "ipv6":
            return self.ip6tables_enabled
        elif ipv == "eb":
            return self.ebtables_enabled
        return False

def enabled_backends(self):
        backends = []
        if self.nftables_enabled:
            backends.append(self.nftables_backend)
        else:
            if self.ip4tables_enabled:
                backends.append(self.ip4tables_backend)
            if self.ip6tables_enabled:
                backends.append(self.ip6tables_backend)
            if self.ebtables_enabled:
                backends.append(self.ebtables_backend)
        return backends

def all_backends(self):
        backends = []
        if self.ip4tables_enabled:
            backends.append(self.ip4tables_backend)
        if self.ip6tables_enabled:
            backends.append(self.ip6tables_backend)
        if self.ebtables_enabled:
            backends.append(self.ebtables_backend)
        if self.nftables_enabled:
            backends.append(self.nftables_backend)
        return backends

def apply_default_tables(self, use_transaction=None):
        if use_transaction is None:
            transaction = FirewallTransaction(self)
        else:
            transaction = use_transaction

for backend in self.enabled_backends():
            transaction.add_rules(backend, backend.build_default_tables())